Valproate ban; hearing voices; adult autism and more

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Neuroscience—and science in general—is constantly evolving, so older articles may contain information or theories that have been reevaluated since their original publication date.

Prenatal exposure to the drug valproate is among the few environmental factors with a strong link to autism risk. Now France has banned the use of some versions of sodium valproate during pregnancy. The banned products are Depakote and Depamide, both used for bipolar disorder. The products used for epilepsy are not included in the ban, The Lancet reported on 15 July.
Dominique Martin, director-general of the European Union’s drug watchdog agency, expressed a hope that all of the other 27 European Union countries will follow France’s lead by 2018. The EU’s official risk-assessment committee has already advised clinicians to avoid prescribing valproate to women of childbearing age, except as a last resort, The Lancet reports. The group estimates that up to 40 percent of preschool-aged children who were exposed to valproate in the womb have “developmental problems” and says that the exposure carries a fivefold increase in autism risk.
Compared with boys on the spectrum, girls with autism struggle more with day-to-day tasks, according to a study published 2 June in Autism Research. Investigator Lauren Kenworthy of Children’s National Health System in Washington, D.C., said in a 13 July statement that because autism research focuses “overwhelmingly” on males, identifying these sex-specific gaps is critical to helping girls with the condition.
Autism advocates have spearheaded the neurodiversity movement, which emphasizes accepting neurobiological differences. Given the reverse-image relationship between autism and schizophrenia, perhaps it’s logical that some people with schizophrenia features are joining a like-minded movement to reject the medicalization of hearing voices, as STAT reported on 13 July.
The movement started in the Netherlands but has spread to five continents. The United States hosts up to 90 related support groups, and a World Hearing Voices Congress will convene at Boston University in August.

Proponents argue that the voices they hear are not debilitating or harmful. Members of support groups discuss ways to manage the voices, including trying to set appointments with them and using headphones while talking to them to avoid stares from outsiders. Rather than signaling a need for medications, these people say, the voices signal the presence of stressors that need to be managed.
Could carnitine deficiency underlie some cases of autism? Arthur L. Beaudet of Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, argues that the answer is yes. In a 13 July commentary in BioEssays, he unfolds the hypothesis that various genetic variants interact with a carnitine deficiency to give rise to autism, especially in boys.
Imagine being able to watch a movie of molecular changes in neurons during development as a way to see differences between brains with autism and those without. The possibility is on the horizon: Researchers may be able to engineer neurons that can record their own gene expression over time. Harvard University scientists have revealed the first replay of such a recording: a movie of a galloping horse, encoded in the DNA of living bacteria. They created the film using CRISPR technology.
Members of the autism community have long known about the benefits of weighted blankets and other gadgets that apply generalized pressure. These devices seem to reduce sensitivity to light, sound and other sensory stimuli. Perhaps the most famous example is Temple Grandin’s ‘squeeze machine.’
‘Pressure systems’ on the market for people on the spectrum include a deep-pressure vest and weighted backpacks.

Now the rest of the world may be catching on: Devices offering high-pressure inputs could be the next big health sensation, Quartz reported on Tuesday. They may serve as sleep aids, mood enhancers and fixes for other psychological issues.

No one knows why the devices work. According to Quartz, researchers have proposed explanations ranging from a diminished fight-or-flight response to elevated levels of mood-modulating molecules, such as serotonin.
Many people with tuberous sclerosis complex, a condition in which benign tumors occur throughout the body, also have autism. A research tool used to detect autism features in infants with siblings on the spectrum may also detect autism in infants with tuberous sclerosis. The findings were published 26 June in Pediatric Neurology.
The Autism Observation Scale for Infants can identify autism in infants with tuberous sclerosis “earlier than ever before,” the researchers say. Of the 1-year-old children who scored 13 or higher on the scale, 89 percent were identified a year later as having autism, based on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.
Three women on the spectrum have opened up to Women’s Health about their experiences with autism. In interviews published 17 July, the women talk about where they struggle most, from sensory issues to communication. They discuss how they’ve worked to adapt to the world around them and what they’d like that world to understand about adults with autism.
One of the women, Dena Gassner, says that she has not “overcome” autism but embraced it “as an inherent facet of my existence.”

“I wish more people understood that there’s no such thing as ‘high-functioning.’ The closer we are to appearing non-disabled, the higher the expectations are for us, and that pressure to perform is more disabling than autism itself,” Gassner told the magazine.
Amidst crumbling federal healthcare legislation efforts, the American Academy of Pediatrics has issued a policy statement addressing the financing of pediatric healthcare, an issue near and dear to autism families. Writing 17 July in Pediatrics, members of the academy’s Committee on Child Health Financing call for increased Medicaid funding and other safeguards.
When the U.S. Senate released yet another version of its proposed healthcare bill in early July, it seemed to make no one happy. Medscape reported 13 July on pushback from the American College of Physicians and the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Saul Levin, chief executive officer of the APA, called the proposal “insufficient” and “deeply flawed.”
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