Fathering geeks; GWAS weaknesses; Prozac protection and more

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Neuroscience—and science in general—is constantly evolving, so older articles may contain information or theories that have been reevaluated since their original publication date.

Having an older father has been identified as an autism risk factor. Now older paternity may also be a factor in general geekiness.
Researchers have developed a ‘geek index,’ which they associate with educational success and higher intelligence quotient, intense focus on subjects of interest, and insouciance about ‘fitting in.’ Boys’ performance on the geek index correlates with having an older father, Magdalena Janecka of King’s College London and her colleagues reported 20 June in Translational Psychiatry. Different ‘doses’ of genetic changes associated with paternal age may underlie the spectrum they see from being a ‘geek’ to having autism, the researchers say.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which isolate genetic signal from the noise of the genome, may be based on a wobbly assumption. The premise is that the genetic variants consistently associated with a specific condition likely play an important role in it. But the signals that GWAS detect may instead relate to peripheral actors simply doing common jobs to support the cell, according to an analysis by Stanford geneticist Jonathan Pritchard and his colleagues, published 15 June in Cell. Targeting these variants for treatment development could be a wild gene chase.
Mice with a duplication of chromosomal region 15q11-13, which is linked to autism, show improvements in social behaviors following antidepressant administration in early life. The time the animals spend with unfamiliar mice increases after treatment with fluoxetine (Prozac), which boosts serotonin levels. The effect may be a double-edged sword, however: The animals also score higher for anxiety after the treatment.
Trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in people with autism have not led to “unified conclusions,” the researchers write in their report, published 21 June in Science Advances. Increased exposure to serotonin in the womb has been proposed to mediate infection as an autism risk factor. On the other hand, in mice with a 15q11-13 duplication, low levels are linked to changes in social behavior and sensory responses.
Avoiding food from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. and standing whenever possible are two ways that CRISPR giant George Church avoids nodding off because of his narcolepsy, reports STAT. He took several decades to embrace his condition, in part because he saw high-school peers with autism become the target of bullying, and his professors at Duke University threw chalk at him when he had an episode in class. Church now views his narcolepsy as a “feature, not a bug,” in part because the onset and end of an episode have often unveiled epiphanies related to his most innovative ideas as a geneticist.
Clinical-trial funding has dropped by 45 percent since the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) shifted its focus from clinical trials to the biological roots of mental health conditions.
The freefall, uncovered this week in an analysis by Nature, largely traces to the launch of NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative in 2011. According to Nature, many clinical researchers are “infuriated” at these losses. NIMH director Joshua Gordon reinforced the agency’s commitment to the initiative in a 5 June blog post, in which he also announced participation in a new big-data resource for accumulating data on psychiatric conditions.

The RDoC framework sets aside the long-time handbook of psychiatry, the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,” now in its fifth edition. Instead of relying on the handbook’s diagnoses, RDoC instead assigns people to categories based on cognition, social behaviors and some biological factors.

Some investigators say the science underlying RDoC lacks validation. Gordon says NIMH will work to validate the framework.
Sensory sensitivities and defensiveness are common among people with fragile X syndrome and those with autism. Now researchers report that knockout mice used as a model for fragile X also show a tactile defensiveness. The animals have exaggerated responses to whisker stimulation as pups and continue to exhibit an aversion to touch stimuli as adults. The findings, published 12 June in the Journal of Neuroscience, also link these behaviors to an inability of some neural circuits to adapt to sensory inputs.
The tools researchers use for fragile X syndrome and autism-related studies need an upgrade. Researchers reviewing 22 clinical trials of fragile X rated the tools in current use as “moderate,” at best.
In their report, published 12 June the Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Johns Hopkins professor Dejan Budimirovic and his colleagues call for more sensitive and objective metrics, such as biomarkers, for such studies. They note in particular a current reliance on parent-based measures to obtain behavioral data. Obviously, such measures lack objectivity. One drawback of the lack of objective measures, Budimirovic said in a statement, is that human studies follow “an uncharted path, and several have unfortunately failed.” The report is one of four publications in the 12 June issue of the journal that collectively trace the 26-year path of fragile X research.
Thomas Insel, former director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), has waded neck-deep into the Silicon Valley ways of doing, including changing tech teams with whiplash rapidity. David Dobbs profiles Insel in The Atlantic, giving details of Insel’s journey from voles to NIMH to Google-backed Verily, which Insel left in May to found his own company, Mindstrong. Insel hopes to mine the power of smartphone behavioral data to detect, distinguish and deliver appropriate treatment for mental health conditions.
People on the spectrum have reported that eye contact can be uncomfortable for them. Now researchers have identified brain areas that could be associated with this discomfort. Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows overactivation of face-processing pathways when participants with autism focus on the eyes while viewing a face. The overactivation is particularly evident with fearful faces, according to findings published 9 June in Scientific Reports.
Take a visit to a little-explored intersection where race and autism meet. A first-of-its-kind anthology authored entirely by people of color who are on the autism spectrum, “All the Weight of Our Dreams: On Living Racialized Autism” features 61 writers and artists with autism, hailing from seven countries. They write about issues of “marginality, intersectionality and liberation” in a series of essays, including “Stop Your Hands, Stop Your Breath,” by Leyla; “I Am Autistic, and I Am Obsessed With Violence,” by Lydia X.Z. Brown, who also is an editor; and “Monster Girl,” by Helene Fischer.
Creators of the web application Papr want users to see it as the “Tinder for preprints,” referencing the popular racy dating app that lets you swipe left (reject) or right (accept) for potential matches. In the case of Papr, the swiping, which can be left, right, up or down, communicates something a little different, according to an article last week in Science: “exciting and probable,” “exciting and questionable,” “boring and probable” or “boring and questionable.” What about desktop users, you ask? They have to click and drag the abstract to register their opinions.
U.S. research scientists are dining like celebrities on wine and cheese as global recruiters see an opening in the current political landscape. At a huge industry-lobbyist-sponsored gathering this week, the BIO International Convention, recruiters from Canada and Europe wooed the 16,000 or so scientists and entrepreneurs with the aforementioned eatables, swag from the exhibits floor and, from Canada, fast-track visas for skilled workers. As STAT reported on 18 June, concerns about White House policies are motivating researchers to look beyond U.S. borders for a welcoming change of climate.
A wide-ranging review of rat, mouse and human studies addressing potential links between autism and the gut has generated some online buzz. The authors offer up a kitchen sink of findings related to gut microbiota, the immune system, autism and the brain. Intervention trials, most of them quite small, have included everything from probiotic treatments to fecal transplants and a variety of dietary approaches. The review, published 28 April in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience and publicized in a news release on 19 June, covers more than 150 studies. But the authors conclude by calling for better-designed studies with more participants.
“Neurotribes,” Steve Silberman’s best-selling book on the “lost history of autism,” is headed for the big-screen treatment. Variety reported on 20 June that Paramount has bought the movie rights and will be working with Lorne Michaels of “Saturday Night Live” fame on the project. Silberman’s book traces autism’s modern history, with a special focus on autism’s emergence as a diagnostic entity in the mid-20^th century.
Once you’ve checked “Neurotribes” off of your reading list, you can continue your summer immersion in the written word with 35 health and science reads collated by STAT. Curators include famous people such as Chelsea Clinton (recommendation: the children’s book “Ada Twist: Scientist”), STAT readers and staff. The list includes Ed Yong’s blockbuster, “I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life,” and Heather Sellers’ meditation on propagnosia (face blindness), “You Don’t Look Like Anyone I Know: A True Story of Family, Face Blindness, and Forgiveness.”
If Catherine Lord says she’s “completely impressed” with an education program for children with autism, that is praise indeed. Lord, a leading autism researcher, is quoted in a New York Times story about the ASD Nest program, launched in 2003 in some New York City public schools. ASD Nest is the brainchild of Dorothy Siegel and involves fine-tuning a general-education learning environment to better meet the needs of grade-school children with autism. In addition to having an adult son with autism, Siegel cites another leading light in the autism community as her inspiration: Temple Grandin, whose “Thinking in Pictures” was like a “religious” call to vocation for Siegel to develop ASD Nest.
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