Special report: Unusual animal models of autism
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What studying worms, flies and fish says about autism
Researchers are increasingly turning to simple animals to learn about autism biology and find leads for new drugs.
![A lighthearted, colorful, chaotic lab scene with fruit flies flying in formation, worms peeking out of piles of dirt and zebrafish spilling out of beakers.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/1970/01/AnimalModelLede844.jpg)
What studying worms, flies and fish says about autism
Researchers are increasingly turning to simple animals to learn about autism biology and find leads for new drugs.
Autism research makes the leap to frogs
Frogs are useful for autism research for a slew of reasons, including the fact that the animals' initial development occurs outside of the mother's body in plain view.
![Colorful illustration shows a esearcher with frogs and frog eggs.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/1970/01/Froglab844.jpg)
Autism research makes the leap to frogs
Frogs are useful for autism research for a slew of reasons, including the fact that the animals' initial development occurs outside of the mother's body in plain view.
Getting eight arms around autism
Octopuses can solve some of the same problems as people but do so in unusual ways.
![Illustration shows two octopi interacting on a yellow background.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/1970/01/Octopus844.jpg)
Getting eight arms around autism
Octopuses can solve some of the same problems as people but do so in unusual ways.
Tuning into bird songs for clues to autism
Parallels between how birds learn to sing and how children learn to speak provide a window into the roots of language difficulties in autism.
![Colorful illustration shows a boy talking and a bird singing, with the sounds merging between them.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/1970/01/Finch844.jpg)
Tuning into bird songs for clues to autism
Parallels between how birds learn to sing and how children learn to speak provide a window into the roots of language difficulties in autism.
Fish, frogs, flies and other fauna in scientific firsts
Over the past century, scientists have used a variety of animal models to advance their understanding of the developing brain and autism.
![Photograph of a researcher holding a zebra finch.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Finch844-copy.jpg)
Fish, frogs, flies and other fauna in scientific firsts
Over the past century, scientists have used a variety of animal models to advance their understanding of the developing brain and autism.
From the archives
How artificial intelligence is shaking up animal behavior studies in autism
Next-generation machine-learning tools are poised to upend how scientists study behavior in animal models of autism — and not everyone is happy about it.
![Researcher in red plaid shirt and blue nitrile gloves holds a lab mouse fitted with a fiber optic cannula, a needle-shaped glass piece that goes into the mouse's brain surrounded by a metal sleeve to which researchers attach a fiber optic patch cord.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/msb-937430mod.jpg)
How artificial intelligence is shaking up animal behavior studies in autism
Next-generation machine-learning tools are poised to upend how scientists study behavior in animal models of autism — and not everyone is happy about it.
Roundworm roundup may reveal function of autism genes
Tracking how roundworms crawl has enabled scientists to determine that many autism genes are involved in sensory processing and learning.
Roundworm roundup may reveal function of autism genes
Tracking how roundworms crawl has enabled scientists to determine that many autism genes are involved in sensory processing and learning.
Map of fly brain lights up millions of connections
A new wiring diagram of the fruit fly brain is the most complex ever created.
Map of fly brain lights up millions of connections
A new wiring diagram of the fruit fly brain is the most complex ever created.
Mutant flies reveal key gene interactions within autism deletion
The absence of several interacting genes may underlie the developmental problems seen in people missing a segment of chromosome 16.
![Microscopic images from the eye of a fly.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Drosophilia-844.jpg)
Mutant flies reveal key gene interactions within autism deletion
The absence of several interacting genes may underlie the developmental problems seen in people missing a segment of chromosome 16.
Zebrafish and ‘Smurf cakes’ link autism gene mutation to digestive woes
Mutations in a top autism gene called SYNGAP1 slow the rate at which zebrafish digest food and pass waste, and may also disrupt gut function in people.
![Young zebrafish have transparent skin, which allows researchers to track the movements of glowing beads of excrement through their gut.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DigestZebrafish844.jpg)
Zebrafish and ‘Smurf cakes’ link autism gene mutation to digestive woes
Mutations in a top autism gene called SYNGAP1 slow the rate at which zebrafish digest food and pass waste, and may also disrupt gut function in people.
Stimulant restores cell signaling, eases behavior issues in animals missing autism gene
Worms and zebrafish missing both copies of the gene CHD7 have disrupted cellular signaling, a dearth of inhibitory neurons and behavior changes — all of which are reversed by the stimulant drug ephedrine.
![](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/20210524-CHD7_GABA-844.jpg)
Stimulant restores cell signaling, eases behavior issues in animals missing autism gene
Worms and zebrafish missing both copies of the gene CHD7 have disrupted cellular signaling, a dearth of inhibitory neurons and behavior changes — all of which are reversed by the stimulant drug ephedrine.
Zebrafish show true colors as models for autism sleep studies
Sleeping zebrafish show two patterns of neuronal activity that are analogous to those in people.
![Glowing neurons in the transparent young zebrafish highlight activity in its brain and muscles.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/CNSandMuscle844.jpg)
Zebrafish show true colors as models for autism sleep studies
Sleeping zebrafish show two patterns of neuronal activity that are analogous to those in people.
New maps of neuronal connections reveal roundworms’ wiring
Two new maps show the entire nervous system of the adult roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.
![](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/20190830-Connectomes844.jpg)
New maps of neuronal connections reveal roundworms’ wiring
Two new maps show the entire nervous system of the adult roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.
Hazel Sive: A fish tale
Hazel Sive is a classically-trained embryologist and developmental biologist, and an expert in zebrafish genetics. She is using the small, transparent fish embryos for research on autism — an odd choice, as they obviously lack the complex behavioral repertoire seen in the disorder.
![](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/image-archive/images/news/430355.jpg)
Hazel Sive: A fish tale
Hazel Sive is a classically-trained embryologist and developmental biologist, and an expert in zebrafish genetics. She is using the small, transparent fish embryos for research on autism — an odd choice, as they obviously lack the complex behavioral repertoire seen in the disorder.
‘Antisocial’ bees point to ancient roots for some autism genes
Honey bees that fail certain social tests have genetic profiles similar to those of people with autism.
![](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/20170919-RobinsonBees1120Crop2.jpg)
‘Antisocial’ bees point to ancient roots for some autism genes
Honey bees that fail certain social tests have genetic profiles similar to those of people with autism.
Explore more from The Transmitter
Cell population in brainstem coordinates cough, new study shows
The work also adds to a growing body of evidence showing that mice, and their genetic toolbox, can be used to study cough.
![](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/1200_coughingmice-1024x720.webp)
Cell population in brainstem coordinates cough, new study shows
The work also adds to a growing body of evidence showing that mice, and their genetic toolbox, can be used to study cough.
In updated U.S. autism bill, Congress calls for funding boost, expanded scope
The current Autism CARES Act sunsets in late September.
![Capitol building](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/capitolhill-1200-1024x692.webp)
In updated U.S. autism bill, Congress calls for funding boost, expanded scope
The current Autism CARES Act sunsets in late September.
Ketamine targets lateral habenula, setting off cascade of antidepressant effects
The drug’s affinity for overactive cells in the “anti-reward” region may help explain its rapid and long-lasting results.
![Illustration of ketamine blocking open ion channels in active NMDA receptors, quieting the cells and disrupting downstream signaling involved in depression.](https://www.thetransmitter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/1200-ketamine-receptor-transmitter-neuroscience-1024x683.webp)
Ketamine targets lateral habenula, setting off cascade of antidepressant effects
The drug’s affinity for overactive cells in the “anti-reward” region may help explain its rapid and long-lasting results.